The duties of the judicial branch include:
Interpreting state laws;
Settling legal disputes;
Punishing violators of the law;
Hearing civil cases;
Protecting individual rights granted by the state constitution;
Determing the guilt or innocence of those accused of violating the criminal laws of the state;
Unrestricted submarine warfare, which became prominent in World War I, meant that submarines could sink any time of vessel at any time without warning. Before this, they had to surface first and place crews on lifeboats.
Ivan IV or Ivan the terrible
NATO was against communism. Warsaw pact was for communism.