Answer:
In pre-modern Sub-Saharan Africa, the basic unit of society was the clan or lineage-group. African societies were also largely structured into villages until the first chiefdoms and kingdoms began to appear.
Explanation:
Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, the basic unit of society was the clan group, which would typically live together as a cluster of households and thus small hamlets or villages would form on the bases of lineages and allied lineages. Large towns would be an amalgamation of these clans, and they would often be distributed as smaller villages of clans grouped together. Each village would be principled around the power of what anthropologists call a “big man.” They were the person whom the clan believed was the most directly descended from their founding ancestors. He would be joined by his extended family as well as more distant relatives, and often unrelated families who had been separated from their own clans and who looked to the big man for guidance and protection. In North Africa and the Saharan Desert, the organization of society was different and largely resembled cultures in the Middle East that were nomadic in large part.
Sunlight interacting with the Earth's atmosphere makes the sky blue. In outer space the astronauts see blackness because outer space has no atmosphere.
<span>Sunlight consists of light waves of varying wavelengths, each of which is seen as a different color. The minute particles of matter and molecules of air in the atmosphere intercept and scatter the white light of the sun. A larger portion of the blue color in white light is scattered, more so than any other color because the blue wavelengths are the shortest. </span><span>When the size of atmospheric particles are smaller than the wavelengths of the colors, selective scattering occurs-the particles only scatter one color and the atmosphere will appear to be that color. Blue wavelengths especially are affected, bouncing off the air particles to become visible.</span><span>This is why the sun looks yellow from Earth (yellow equals white minus blue). In space, the sun appears white because there is nothing in between to scatter its white light. </span><span>At sunset, the sky changes color because as the sun drops to the horizon, sunlight has more atmosphere to pass through and loses more of its blue wavelengths. The orange and red, having the longer wavelengths and making up more of sunlight at this distance, are most likely to be scattered by the air particles. </span><span>The scattering of visible light by atmospheric gases is most correctly called the </span>Tyndall effect<span>, but it is more commonly known to physicists as </span>Rayleigh scattering<span> after Lord Rayleigh, who studied it in more detail a few years later. Rayleigh Scattering is where red, orange, yellow, and green are passed through and blue, indigo, and violet are "scattered" out creating the color.</span><span>Whichever direction you look, some of this scattered blue light reaches you. Since you see the blue light from everywhere overhead, the sky looks blue. </span>
The religious modernists were a group of theologians and clergy who embraced modernity and aimed to reconcile science and religion. They believed that God was still active in the world and that religious truth could be discovered through reason and science. The fundamentalists, on the other hand, were a group of conservative Christians who reacted against modernity. They believed that the Bible was the literal word of God and that science was incompatible with Christianity.
The Scopes trial was a symbol of the conflict between the two groups. The trial was held to determine whether a high school teacher, John Scopes, had violated a Tennessee law by teaching evolution. The modernists supported Scopes, while the fundamentalists opposed him. The trial was a victory for the fundamentalists, but it ultimately helped to publicize the modernists' views and to promote religious tolerance.
