Playing tennis and playing basketball. no verbs for them.
The transition which could replace the word thus in this sentence is definitely consequently.
Workers bravely set dangerous explosives in the mountains by hand to make passes for railroads, and consequently hundreds lost their lives.
After reading through the "American Indian Civil Rights”, the sentence that best describes the conflict the author develops in the text is: "Most experts agree that is was over ten thousand years ago, well before European settlers began exploring this region of the world."
This is punctuated correctly.
"Marshmallows are my favorite snack" is a complete sentence unto itself.
The comma instead of a period shows that the sentence spoken is part of the whole sentence, which includes the speaker (she) and a word to describe how the speaker said it (explained).
Try and remember it this way. Cause and effect. Effect is the result of something, while affect is like it influenced something.