Answer:
Succession is not ever guaranteed to stop in any area due to the possibility of natural disasters, climate change, and disease. The climax within an area my exist for many years but the area always has the potential to be disrupted by unexpected events that may damage plant life.
Explanation:
The answer is the apoplast, the symplast, and the transmembrane pathway.
1. The apoplast pathway occurs through cell walls and space between cells. So, water does not cross any cell membrane as it travels this pathway.
2. The symplast pathway occurs through the continuum of cytoplasm. So, water travels through plasmodesmata which connect cells.
3. The transmembrane pathway occurs across cell membranes. So, water enters the cell on one side of the membrane and exits on the other.
The right answer are all the three of them (1, 2 and 3).
Let's compare between a normal cell culture and a cancer cell culture:
- Normal or defined cultures: the cells only multiply during a limited number of degenerations (30 to 50 subcultures) then die: their life and their death is programmed. We then observe a decrease in their rate of proliferation, phase of senescence.
- Continuous culture or transformed or immortal lineages. The multiplication speed does not decrease (reproduction without limits, non-stop), which allows an indefinite number of subculture. The cells constituting these cultures lose the contact inhibition and grow in clusters or multilayer (multiple layers).