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In the nineteenth century, the United States experienced a significant surge in the influx of immigrants - over the course of several decades, about fifteen million people arrived in the country; such a large number of people wishing to start a new life across the ocean was largely due to the political and economic instability that prevailed in Europe at that time.
In the mid-nineteenth century, again a significant influx of immigrants seeking overseas ‘salvation’ from economic and political instability in their homeland came from France and Germany; aggressive German politics before the outbreak of war forced many to seek refuge in the USA.
At the end of the 19th century, Italy, previously modestly represented in the New World, was left by several hundred thousand people.
In 1891, the Immigration Service was established in the United States, and in January 1892, an immigration office was opened on Ellis Island, New York - its tasks were to verify the identity and health of citizens arriving in the country, and determine their future fate - what way they were going to live in the country, whether they have friends or relatives, etc. Resistance to immigration at the end of the 19th century intensified at the level of part of the American public, who did not want foreign workers who received lower wages to take the place of American citizens.
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According to Australian scholar Helen Young, the ideology of 19th-century Anglo-Saxonism was "profoundly racist" and influenced authors such as J. R. R. Tolkien and his fictional works into the 20th century.
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The egyptian pharoah Akhenaton
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The Pullman Strike and Loewe Vs Lawlor
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The Pullman Strike was an organised strike by the American Railway Union against the Pullman Company. The strike closed off many of the nations railroad traffic. Workers of the Pullman company had gone on strike in response to a reduction in wages and when this was unsuccessful, they increased their efforts and with the help of the AFU took it nationwide. They refused to couple or move any train that carried a Pullman car. At its peak the strike included 250,000 workers in 27 states.The federal government's response was to obtain an injunction against the union and to order them to stop interfering with trains. When they refused, President Cleveland sent in the army to stop strikers from interfering with the trains. Violence broke out and the strike collapsed. The leaders were sentenced to prison and the ARU dissolved.
Loewe V Lawlor was a Supreme Court decision that went against the rights of the labour movement. D. E. Loewe & Company had been subjected to a strike and a boycott as a result of it becoming an 'open shop'. The nationwide boycott was supported by the American Federation of Labor and persuaded retailers, wholesalers and customers not to buy from Loewe. This boycott cost him a large amount of money and he sued the union for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act (Another piece of legislation subsequently used to attack unions).
The case was sent to the US Circuit Court for the District of Connecticut, which found that the lawsuit was out of the scope of the Sherman Act. However, upon appeal it then went to the Supreme Court, who ruled in favour of Loewe. The courts decision was important for two reasons. Firstly it allowed individual unionists to be held personally responsible for damages arising from the activities of their unions. Secondly, it effectively outlawed secondary boycott (Where members of different companies boycott in solidarity with the affected workers) as a violation of the Sherman Act. Both of these limited the ability of the unions to bring about change through striking and boycott.
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<span>These Acts were referred to as the Coercive Acts by American colonists and the Intolerable Acts by the British.</span></span></span>
