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The History of the Republic of China begins after the Qing dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China as a constitutional republic put an end to 4,000 years of Imperial rule. The Qing dynasty, (also known as the Manchu dynasty), ruled from 1644–1912. The Republic experienced many trials and tribulations after its founding which included being dominated by elements as disparate as warlord generals and foreign powers.
In 1928, the Republic was nominally unified under the Kuomintang (KMT)—Chinese Nationalist Party—after the Northern Expedition, and was in the early stages of industrialization and modernization when it was caught in the conflicts among the Kuomintang government, the Communist Party of China, (founded 1921), which was converted into a nationalist party; local warlords, and the Empire of Japan. Most nation-building efforts were stopped during the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War / War of Resistance against Japan from 1937 to 1945, and later the widening gap between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party made a coalition government impossible, causing the resumption of the Chinese Civil War, in 1946, shortly after the Japanese surrender to the Americans and the Western Allies in September 1945.
A series of political, economic and military missteps led to the KMT's defeat and its retreat to Taiwan (formerly "Formosa") in 1949, where it established an authoritarian one-party state continuing under Generalissimo/President Chiang Kai-shek. This state considered itself to be the continuing sole legitimate ruler of all of China, referring to the communist government or "regime" as illegitimate, a so-called "People's Republic of China" declared in Beijing (Peking) by Mao Zedong in 1949, as "mainland China", "Communist China, or "Red China". The Republic of China was supported for many years — even decades — by many nations, especially the United States who established a 1954 Mutual Defense treaty. After political liberalization began in the late 1960s, the PRC was able — after a constant yearly campaign in the United Nations — to finally get approval (in 1971) to take the seat for "China" in the General Assembly, and more importantly, be seated as one of the five permanent members of the Security Council. After recovering from this shock of rejection by its former allies and liberalization in the late 1970s from the Nationalist authoritarian government and following the death of Chiang Kai-shek, the Republic of China has transformed itself into a multiparty, representative democracy on Taiwan and given more representation to those native Taiwanese, whose ancestors predate the 1949 mainland evacuation.
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It's in their
The painting reflects how important it was to look established even when shopping. the clothing appears expensive, many are dressed the same regardless of sex. Buying clothing and art appear to co-exist based this picture. To be socially acceptable, you needed to be in the trend.
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GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT (1963)
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Summary
Gideon v Wainwright (1963), a landmark Supreme Court case that under the Sixth Amendment requires states to provide counsel in criminal cases to any defendants unable to afford their own attorney. In 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon was charged with breaking and entering in a Florida poolroom and once in trial, asked the court to appoint him an attorney. Prior to the Supreme Court’s ruling, indigent defendants were not provided counsel unless charged of a capital offence. Given a 5 year prison sentence, Gideon felt unfairly treated by the courts and filed a writ of habeas corpus to the Florida Supreme Court, but was denied. Gideon then issued an appeal to the United States Supreme Court. In the unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that Gideon’s trial was unconstitutional due to the lack of a defense attorney at his trial. The Court argued that the Sixth Amendment requires a state to provide a defense lawyer because lawyers are vital to a “fair trial.” The Supreme Court noted that federal government as well as the states are bound to Sixth Amendment, which ultimately lead to extending the right to counsel for indigent defendants. Therefore, the Court reasoned, its requirements could not turn on such a distinction. Therefore, the right to legal representation was acknowledged to be a right essential to due process in almost all cases.
In a major victory for indigent persons, the ruling created a precedent for future cases through the creation of the public defender system. The implementation of this system has been very beneficial for the indigent community, but it also has created many issues in regards to workload and representation for defenders. More than half of criminal cases are represented by public defenders and the caseload increases each year. Overcome with heavy workloads, public defenders does not possess the abundant amount of time that the client deserves to adequately review and prep for the trial. As a result, this issue forces many cases to reach plea deals.
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Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Budapest and Prague.
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