Hello. You have presented the excerpt to which this question refers, which makes it impossible to elaborate an answer with accuracy. However, I will try to help you in the best possible way.
To paraphrase the excerpt, it is necessary, first, that the excerpt be read. After reading it, you must rewrite it keeping the message he wants to pass on to the reader, but using other words. In short, a paraphrase occurs when a text is rewritten while retaining the original meaning, but using different words.
To explain how the author constructs the argument, you must observe the supporting sentences that he presents. So you can see the structure of the text and present how the author constructed his opinions.
