The US constitution differs from the Articles of Confederation because of the power that the federal government has. In the articles, each state acted as it's own country. They had the ability to command a military, declare war, and tax terrifs against other states. The constitution has the states act as subordinates to the federal government. They have the right to tax citizens, but their power and their ability to interact with other countries are strictly regulated through the federal government.
Well ancient Greece was an oligarchy (kind of like a democracy). Greece has City States, as well as Ancient Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia had kings though, but was ran like an Oligarchy.
"<span>c. Its proximity to Africa and India made trade quite successful" is the best option, since a great deal of trade during this time and indeed today is done with ships. </span>
How did colonizing countries hold and try to control their colonies? The institution of imperialism was maintained by a complex set of ideas on race and civilization. These ideas worked to both justify the colonization of countries and to maintain the military and economic power that upheld the colony.
Christianity was the main religion in Europe. Jew were murdered because Christians were afraid Jews would spread their teachings.
If Jews spread their teachings, Christianity would lose supporters.
Christianity and Judaism were enemies.
Hope my answer helps :)