The caliphate created a bureaucracy where only Muslims held all positions of power. Option A is correct.
A caliphate refers to an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward known as calipha, a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).
Bureaucracy refers to a body of non-elective government officials as well as an administrative policy-making group.
The answer is A based on the passage's mention of the different acts
The Code of Hammurabi, (or Codex Hammurabi) is a set of 282 laws
and penalties devised by the Babylonian King, Hammurabi, in
approximately 1700 BC.
