Basically the Earth is layered because of gravity. The earth formed in the molten state. The liquid iron which is very dense fell to the center. The rest of the earth is made up of silicate materials with SiO2 being the main component.
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Bands of soft rocks like clay and sand are very weak in which they can be eroded very quickly. Since cliff and coastline doesn't erode at the the same pace, an inlet of the sea to where the land curves inward forming a bay. Once soft rocks are eroded inward, the hard rocks are able to stick to the sea to form a headland
A fortuneteller? Other names are soothsayer, seer, clairvoyant, and oracle.
The demand for goods increased as goods became cheaper to produce. Hope this helps!