Answer:
the art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works.
Explanation:
Ivan is discussing with two of the monks his article on the position of the ecclesiastical courts. He explains that he opposes the separation of church and state primarily because when a criminal needs to be punished, the public should not have to rely on the state to administer such punishment. Ivan states that if the church had the authority to punish and also to excommunicate the criminal, then a vast number of crimes would be diminished. To a degree, Father Zossima agrees, but he points out that the only effective punishment "lies in the recognition of sin by conscience.
To help the reader better understand the plot, and the setting of the poem in which it takes place.
F(x) = (sqrt(29 + x) - x) / (x + 4)
a = -4
