Question

What are the causes, events, organizations, non-violent protests, leaders, and significance of each Civil Rights Movement?

Answer 1

March on Washington (for Jobs and Freedom):

• Organized by Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin

• They built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations.

• Credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964
• "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King Jr.

Black Panther Party:

• Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton

• The black power organization was inspired by Malcolm X.

• Ten-Point Program
• Free Breakfast for Children Program
• Intercommunal Youth Institute
• The Black Panther newspaper

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP):

• The Crisis
• Rosa Parks had served as a chapter's secretary
• NAACP v. Alabama
• Legal Defense Fund (1939)
• Founded by W.E.B. DuBois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells

Civil Disobedience:

• non-violent protest; refusal to abide to certain laws

• Boycotts
• Draft-dodging
• Sit-ins
• Resistance to Civil Government

AIM (American Indian Movement):

• an organizaiton that was a part of the Red Power Movement

• The movement advocates for civil rights of Native Americans.

• Occupation of Alcatraz
• Occupation of D-Q University
• Trail of Broken Treaties
• Wounded Knee
• Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt were notably figures of the movement

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC):

• the goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South

• Albany movement
• Grenada Freedom movement
• Chicago Freedom movement
• Martin Luther King Jr. was the first President

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC):  

• established to give younger Black people more of a voice in the movement

• Student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters
• Freedom Rides
• Freedom Ballot

Affirmative Action:

• seeking to increase the representation of particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality

• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

• Hopwood v. Texas
• Grutter v. Bollinger
• Gratz v. Bollinger

Little Rock 9:

• a group of nine African American students enrolled in an all-white school in Arkansas

• Little Rock Crisis
• Cooper v. Aaron
• Eisenhower sent the national guard to escort the students into the school

Freedom Riders:

• intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel

• Mob violence in Anniston, Montogomery, and Birmingham, Alabama

Freedom Summer Project (Mississippi Summer Project):

• attempted to register as many African American voters as possible

• Freedom Vote
• Freedom Schools

Civil Rights Act of 1964:

• banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, (and later) sexual orientation and gender identity

• Americans with Disablitites Act of 1990
• Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972

Voting Rights Act of 1965:

• secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country

• Shelby County v. Holder
• South Carolina v. Katzenbach
• The law immediately decreased racial discrimination in voting
• Suspension of literacy tests
• More than half of the African American population were registered in 1967