Answer:
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the commonest causes of medication error in developed countries, particularly in the elderly due to poly-therapy, with a prevalence of 20-40%. In particular, poly-therapy increases the complexity of therapeutic management and thereby the risk of clinically important DDIs, which can both induce the development of adverse drug reactions or reduce the clinical efficacy. DDIs can be classify into two main groups: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. In this review, using Medline, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and Reference lists we searched articles published until June 30 2012, and we described the mechanism of pharmacokinetic DDIs focusing the interest on their clinical implications.
Keywords: Absorption, adverse drug reaction, distribution, drug-drug interactions, excretion, metabolism, poly-therapy
The principal pathologic finding in the diagnosis of bronchiectasis is chronic dilation of the airways (bronchi and bronchioles).
<h3>What are the airways?</h3>
The airways are the structures that the body uses to interchange gases with the surrounding environment.
The bronchi are major airways, whereas bronchioles are the smallest structures that generate tiny air sacs known as alveoli.
Moreover, bronchiectasis symptoms include, among others, chest pain, wheezing and shortness of breath.
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patient with iron deficiency anemia will have low hemoglobin levels as well as microcytic and hypochromic RBCs, according to the results of a complete blood count. Typically, the reticulocyte count is normal or slightly increased.
<h3>what is
iron deficiency anemia?</h3>
- Insufficient iron is the cause of iron deficiency anemia.
- Your body needs iron to produce enough of a component in red blood cells that makes it possible for them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin).
- Thus, iron deficiency anemia may make you feel lethargic and breathless.
<h3>How serious is iron deficiency anemia?</h3>
- Iron-deficiency anemia can have major side effects, including fatigue, headaches, restless legs syndrome, heart issues, problems during pregnancy, and delays in a child's development.
- Additionally, iron deficiency anemia can worsen other chronic illnesses or render their therapies ineffective.
<h3>What three levels of iron deficiency are there?</h3>
Deficiency in Iron Has 3 Stages
- Stage 1: A decrease in the body's overall iron content. A decrease in serum ferritin serves as an indicator of this stage.
- Stage 2 Reduced red blood cell production. This stage develops when there is not enough iron available to sustain the production of red blood cells.
- Stage 3 Iron deficiency anemia.
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