Calcium, because when it becomes an ion, it loses two electrons and gets rid of its M shell, decreasing its ionic radius. The rest are anions, which increase in ionic radius because the effective nuclear charge decreases.
<span>The correct answer is option 4. It is the hydroxide ions that is produced by an Arrhenius base in water. According to Arrhenius, acid-base reactions are characterized by acids which forms hydronium ions in water and bases which dissociates in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions. </span>
The scientific form made its way to common usage through the similarities in meaning. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up the chemical reaction. In the Chernobyl story, the Chernobyl incident is understood as a catalyst for glasnost because it speed up the process of passing and activating the glasnost laws that opened the government policies more to the world and the people.
The term carries almost the same meaning because both a chemical catalyst and an event catalyst speed up the process of either the chemical reaction or the change of something, be it a government policy or a simple event among people or anything similar. Sometimes however, too much usage leads to incorrect usage where the common understanding of catalysts is different form the scientific usage.
It is used differently insofar that in scientific usage, the catalysts don't get affected chemically by the chemical reaction and the reaction itself is not chemically altered. What happens is just that the speed at which occurs is faster. However, in real world usage, it is often used incorrectly as catalysts being responsible for the change. In addition, the catalyst in real world events often influences the events and vice versa, which doesn't happen in chemistry other than increasing the speed. To explain this using Chernobyl, Glasnost wouldn't have happened on its own without the Chernobyl crisis, which means that the crisis is more of a cause than a catalyst that speeds up events.-
Answer:
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