With no democratic experience and severe economic problems many Europeans saw dictatorship as the only way to prevent instability.
The religion splitting into two major branches, the shiite and the sunni.
They believe that there’s only one god (I think)
It is B because they both led an important role during the French revolution Robespierre led the storming of basttile and napolean led the French army to victory until they marched in to Russia during the winter man that was a bad decision