Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract. It starts in the esophagus where strong wave-like motions of the smooth muscle move balls of swallowed food to the stomach.
How do the genes in our DNA influence our characteristics? For example, how can a gene determine
whether a person is an albino with very pale skin and hair?
Basically, a gene is a segment of DNA that provides the instructions for making a protein, and
proteins influence our characteristics. This chart describes how two different versions of a gene result
in two different versions of a protein which in turn can result in either normal skin and hair color or
albinism.
DNA Protein Characteristic
Version of the gene that provides
instructions to make
normal protein enzyme
Normal enzyme that makes the
pigment molecule in skin and
hair
Normal skin and hair
color
Version of the gene that provides
instructions to make
defective enzyme
Defective enzyme that does
not make this pigment
molecule
Albinism (very pale
skin and hair)
A gene directs the synthesis of a protein by a two-step process.
The first step is transcription of the gene in the DNA.
Transcription produces a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.
The second step is translation of the mRNA molecule.
Translation produces a protein molecule.
During transcription, the sequence of
nucleotides in a gene in the DNA is
copied to a corresponding sequence
of nucleotides in mRNA.
During translation, the sequence of
nucleotides in the mRNA determines
the sequence of amino acids in the
protein.
After translation, the sequence of amino acids in the protein determines the structure and function of
the protein. Differences in protein function can influence characteristics such as normal skin and hair
color vs. albinism.
There is a valve at the meeting point between each ureter and the bladder prevents the back flow of urine from the urinary bladder to the kidney
The secondary succession is triggered by a natural event (forest fires for example) that destroys an established ecosystem. The destroyed forest will then undergo a regrowth process. This secondary growth may look bizarrely different from the way how the original forest used to look like. There are several stages involved after the forest os being burned. The first stage involves the colonization of massively burned places by plants and fungi. The following stage starts when minuscule plants such as grasses dwell in the forest. And then, huge plants that require lots of direct sunlight will move in. Lastly, new trees will continuously grow up to a point where they makeup a forest that remains in time except there are major interventions.
The answer is Eukaryotic cells
