The point at which the toxin would interrupt normal cell signalling in the pathway is the signal amplification.
This is because of the G-protein uncoupling and inhibition of signal amplification by pertusis toxin. Pertusis toxin released by the bacteria Bordetella pertusis and prevents signal that is amplifying from the protein. The G-protein coordinates the interaction between membrane bound receptor proteins and the effector proteins involved in the intracellular signalling. The toxin promotes the uncoupling of this heterotrimetric protein and also inhibits the amplification thus preventing the interaction of the receptor proteins and the second messengers.
No.
The Sun can influence the Earth’s climate, but it isn’t responsible for the warming trend we’ve seen over the past few decades. We know subtle changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun are responsible for the comings and goings of the ice ages. But the warming we’ve seen over the last few decades is too rapid to be linked to changes in Earth’s orbit, and too large to be caused by solar activity.
The answer is diploid. Diploid cell is a cell that contain two copies of each chromosomes. Nearly all the cells in the human body carry two homologous or similar copies of each chromosome. However the cells in the germ line, which produce gametes, or egg and sperm cells are haploid. Haploid cells contain contain a single set of chromosomes. In diploid cells one set of chromosomes is inherited from the mother, while the other is inherited from the father.
