We can consider the city and the forest as two terrestrial ecosystems. In these two ecosystems, we can consider humans and plants as biotic components. Since the entire biological community is considered to be biotic environments, that is, it lives from a place. As abiotic components we can consider sunlight and soil. This is because the abiotic components are everything that has no life.
Following the same reasoning, we can consider fish and water as the biotic and abiotic component of the aquatic ecosystem.
Natural ecosystems are able to maintain a vibrant diversity of life because they incorporate intricate recycling systems that conserve essential materials.
