Ella Osborn’s 1918 diary provides insight into the experiences of an American nurse serving in
France at the end of World War I. In addition to her notes about the men under her care and
events in France, Osborn jotted down two popular World War I poems, “In Flanders Fields,” by
Canadian surgeon Lt. Col. John D. McCrae, and “The Answer,” by Lt. J. A. Armstrong of
Wisconsin.
McCrae composed “In Flanders Fields” on May 3, 1915, during the Second Battle of Ypres,
Belgium. It was published in Punch magazine on December 8, 1915, and became one of the most
popular and frequently quoted poems about the war. It was used for recruitment, in propaganda
efforts, and to sell war bonds. Today the red poppy of McCrae’s poem has become a symbol for
soldiers who have died in combat.
In Flanders Fields the poppies grow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place.
“The Answer” is one of many poems written in response to “In Flanders Fields”:
Sleep peacefully, for all is well.
Your flaming torch aloft we bear,
With burning heart an oath we swear
To keep the faith to fight it through
To crush the foe, or sleep with you
In Flanders Field
Osborn’s transcripts of the poems contain some textual differences from the published versions.
Based on the ink used in the diary entries and the ink used in the verses, it appears she went back
in her diary to find empty pages to include the poems.
Transcripts
[The poems as transcribed in Osborn’s diary contain some textual differences from the published versions.]
In Flanders Fields
In Flanders Fields the poppies grow
Between the crosses, row on row,
That mark our place. While in the Sky
The larks still bravely singing, fly
2
World War I poems: “In Flanders Fields” & “The Answer,” 1918
© 2014 The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
www.gilderlehrman.org
Unheard, amid the guns below.
We are the dead, Short days ago
We lived, felt dawns, saw sunsets glow;
Loved and were loved – but now we lie
In Flanders Field
Take up our quarrel with the foe!
To you from falling hands we throw
The torch, Be yours to bear it high!
If ye break faith with us who die
We shall not sleep tho’ poppies blow
In Flanders Field.
The Answer –
In Flanders Field the cannon boom
And fitful flashes light the gloom;
While up above, like Eagles, fly
The fierce destroyers of the sky;
With stains the earth wherein you lie
Is redder than the poppy bloom
In Flanders Field.
Sleep on ye brave! The shrieking shell,
The quaking trench, the startling yell,
The fury of the battle hell
Shall wake you not; for all is well.
Sleep peacefully, for all is well.
Your flaming torch aloft we bear,
With burning heart an oath we swear
To keep the faith to fight it through
To crush the foe, or sleep with
The correct option is B
The Folsom Culture is a name given by archaeologists to a specific Paleoamerican archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America. The term was coined by Jesse Figgins in 1927. It is possible that the Folsom culture has derived from the more primitive Clovis culture, and dates from a time between 9000 BC. C. and 8000 a. C.
Some of these sites exhibit evidence of more than 50 dead bison, although the Folsom diet also included goats, marmots, deer and rabbits. A Folsom field in Hanson, Wyoming, also revealed areas of possible settlements. The original site is Folsom, New Mexico, in Colfax County (29CX1), a place of slaughter near a marsh found in 1908 by George McJunkin, a cowboy, a former slave, who had lived in Texas as a child). The archaeological excavation was not carried out until 1926. In Mexico, in some places corresponding to the Lithic Stage, and especially to the Lower Cenolithic, folsom type arrowheads have been found, all in the Northern Altiplano. Among them we must mention Samalayuca (Chihuahua), La Chuparrosa (Coahuila), Puntita Negra (Nuevo León) and Cerro de Silva (San Luis Potosí).
Answer:
1. The dictatorship-like rule of Porfirio Diaz for over 30 years.
2. Exploitation and poor treatment of workers.
3. Great disparity between rich and poor.
Explanation:
Answer:
Women ages 25 to 34 earned 93 cents for every dollar a man in the same age group earned on average.
