The answer is the first one.
In "Writers often disavow the notion of a 'literary duty'" the author conveys a somewhat condescending attitude, as if they would always follow this and set aside anyone who said otherwise. This attitude says the author is looking down on them, and that the author believes that many authors do not meet their standards.
Another answer I would consider is "...writers ruined by their shrill commitments." However, there is no context or clear tone. The author could be mournful of the lost potential for all we know.
Answer:
focus on studying, that means they want you to be studying more than anything else, maybe even do advance studying by yourself. Do some chores as well :D when ur old enough like 15 - 16, get a partime job to help your parents. but if it effect your studyin, just focus on your studying
a.how b.how. c. how . d. how much. e how often
