Charles II was the King who attempted to gain more sovereign power by refusing to call a Parliament. He was a part of the Monarchy of England, Scotland, and Ireland and was later executed for this decision during the height of the English Civil War.
When it came to the civil war, Lincoln dealt with the Copperheads by suspending the habeas corpus. This meant that their constitutional right that protected them from unlawful imprisonment did not apply to them anymore. They were against the war and spread the conscription idea so Lincoln had many of them locked up and put on trial for treason. They were called copperheads because they were compared to snakes since they were northern democrats who were against the civil war, and the war was deemed as necessary.
Many European empires arose in the wake of the "Age of Exploration," since this was an age of sea travel in which many European nations were able to colonize land in the New World.