<span> When a cell membrane becomes energized due to electron transport reactions by the electron carriers embedded in it then this results in proton motive force (PMF). This way the cell becomes a tiny battery. </span><span>
The proton motive force (PMF) is driven by </span>the difference in charge across the plasma membrane with protons outside the membrane.
Gel electrophoresis can't be used for uncharged or neutral molecules, because the movement of the charged particles only make this happen
Convergent evolution would be the best way to explain why two species that look similar are not necessarily that closely related. In convergent evolution, distinct species develop similar anatomical characteristics after its divergence from one common ancestor that does not possess the initial characteristic.