Because there wasn't one ruler over Italy so the city states became powerful and influential in politics. Trade also made the city states wealthy.
The correct answer is B. It has caused spending by interest groups to increase. Since the ruling, multi-billion corporations and other interest groups have funneled unprecedented amounts of money to the parties or politicians that are susceptible to further their interests via the Super PACs (that are not allowed to spend money directly in the politicians' campaigns but can spend unlimited amounts of funds independently and in favor of the party/politician of their choice).
It varies from Kingdom to Kingdom, but it is usually a life term, and also heretical, meaning that it usual passed down from family member to family member.