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Voluntary and Open Membership: "Cooperatives are voluntary organizations, open to all persons able to use their services and willing to accept the responsibilities of membership, without gender, social, political, racial, or religious discrimination
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Between 1870 and 1900, the largest number of immigrants continued to come from northern and western Europe including Great Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavia. But "new" immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were becoming one of the most important forces in American life.
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women broke down gender barriers and roles during the 1920s, notably, black and native American women took an active role in achieving greater women's rights.
Black women, for example, had little chance of participating in conventions and activities in favor of women's suffrage. Due to racial discrimination, black women had to parade in favor of female suffrage separate from white women.
Contributions by African-Americans suffragists have also been ignored in official publications, such as the history of women's suffrage books by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.
Therefore, African-American reformers had more complex issues than just fighting for women's rights, their struggle was broader in terms of racial discrimination, negative stereotyping, harassment and less social and professional opportunities.
PPL in foreign relation commity can be learn from Lodge's speech about the various responses of senators to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.