The one that declared that slavery was necessary was John C. Calhoun.
He was a US South Senator.
He was a political leader. He was a congressman, a secretary of war, a vice president, a senator, and a secretary of state. He believed that slavery was a symbol of the south and that it was something possitive.
I believe that the answer is Mesopotamia, China, Egypt, and India.
On 5, Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that segregation is legal, but in Brown v. Board of Education, they ruled that segregation is not legal and has no place in schools. But that is all I know