The Europeans called him "The Magnificent," but the Ottomans called him Kanuni, or "The Lawgiver." The Suleymanie Mosque, built for Suleyman, describes Suleyman in its inscription as Nashiru kawanin al-Sultaniyye , or "Propagator of the Sultanic Laws." The primacy of Suleyman as a law-giver is at the foundation of his place in Islamic history and world view. It is perhaps important to step back a moment and closely examine this title to fully understand Suleyman's place in history.
The word used for law here, kanun, has a very specific reference. In Islamic tradition, the Shari'ah, or laws originally derived from the Qur'an , are meant to be universally applied across all Islamic states. No Islamic ruler has the power to overturn or replace these laws. So what laws was Suleyman "giving" to the Islamic world? What precisely does kanun refer to since it doesn't refer to the main body of Islamic law, the Shari'ah ?
The kanun refer to situational decisions that are not covered by the Shari'ah . Even though the Shari'ah provides all necessary laws, it's recognized that some situations fall outside their parameters. In Islamic tradition, if a case fell outside the parameters of the Shari'ah , then a judgement or rule in the case could be arrived at through analogy with rules or cases that are covered by the Shari'ah . This method of juridical thinking was only accepted by the most liberal school of Shari'ah , Hanifism, so it is no surprise that Hanifism dominated Ottoman law.
The Ottomans, however, elevated kanun into an entire code of laws independent of the Shari'ah. The first two centuries of Ottoman rule, from 1350 to 1550, saw an explosion of kanun rulings and laws, so that by the beginning of the sixteenth century, the kanun were a complete and independent set of laws that by and large were more important than the Shari'ah . This unique situation was brought about in part because of the unique heritage of the Ottomans. In both Turkish and Mongol traditions, the imperial law, or law pronounced by the monarch, was considered sacred. They even had a special word for it: the Turks called it Türe and the Mongols called it Yasa . In the system of Türe and Yasa , imperial law was regarded as the essential and sacred foundation of the empire. When this tradition collided with the Islamic Shari'ah tradition, a compromised system combining both was formed.
The Sultanic laws were first collected together by Mehmed the Conqueror. Mehmed divided the kanun into two separate sets or laws. The first set dealt with the organization of government and the military, and the second set dealt with the taxation and treatment of the peasantry. The latter group was added to after the death of Mehmed and the Ottoman kanun pretty much crystallized into its final form in 1501. Suleyman, for his part, revised the law code, but on the whole the Suleyman code of laws is pretty identical to the 1501 system of laws. However, it was under Suleyman that the laws took their final form; no more revisions were made after his reign. From this point onwards, this code of laws was called, kanun-i 'Osmani , or the "Ottoman laws."
The Constitutional Issues that arose in the above presidential actions were:
Ronald Reagan - Iran - Contra Affair - Separation of Powers.
Bill Clinton impeachment - Checks and Balances principle.
George W. Bush : Use of executive priviledge - Separation of Powers
George W. Bush: Patriot Act: - Bill of Rights violation
George W. Bush: Iraq War - Separation of Powers.
<h3>What were the constitutional issues involved in past president's actions?</h3>
The Separation of Powers principle allows Congress the sole power over U.S. funding efforts internationally. President Reagan's administration circumvented this by trading with Iraq and funding Contra rebels.
Bill Clinton's impeachment showed the Checks and Balances principle that allows for Congress to act against the president for misdemenor crimes.
George Bush tried to use executive privilege but this could only go so far because Congress had powers over his purported actions
The Patriot Act violated the Bill of Rights as regards searches without warrants and violation of privacy. The Iraq War showed the separation of powers principle because Congress had to okay an invasion before it happened.
B) limbs would get stuck into the machines. Therefore, resulting in loss of limbs. This happened alot and in addition, the environment wasn't so sanitary
Look at the evidence within the question information. The author has 20 years of experience in construction and owns a local construction company. So if the city or town is considering a building initiative that will cost the town millions of dollars, the author of the editorial quite possibly hopes to bid for some of that construction work. It would be very good for her business.
Now, the fact that a construction company owner favors the building initiative doesn't mean her views should be rejected simply because of her position in the construction industry. If her views are valid and provide solid arguments in favor of the project, those views should be considered on their merits. At the same time, perspectives from other local citizens should be considered too, in terms of environmental impact of the project, costs and affordability, how the building initiative will benefit residents of the community, etc.
