Answer:
Mark as brainliest
Explanation:
symbolic presence in international legal accounts of the 19th century, but for historians of the era its importance has often been doubted. This article seeks to re-interpret the place of the Berlin General Act in late 19th-century history, suggesting that the divergence of views has arisen largely as a consequence of an inattentiveness to the place of systemic logics in legal regimes of this kind.
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Articles
INTRODUCTION
The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-1885 has assumed a canonical place in historical accounts of late 19th-century imperialism 1 and this is no less true of the accounts provided by legal scholars seeking to trace the colonial origins of contemporary international law. 2 The overt purpose of the Conference was to ‘manage’ the ongoing process of colonisation in Africa (the ‘Scramble’ as it was dubbed by a Times columnist) so as to avoid the outbreak of armed conflict between rival colonial powers. Its outcome was the conclusion of a General Act 3 ratified by all major colonial powers including the US. 4 Among other things, the General Act set out the conditions under which territory might be acquired on the coast of Africa; it internationalised two rivers (the Congo and the Niger); it orchestrated a new campaign to abolish the overland trade in slaves; and it declared as ‘neutral’ a vast swathe of Central Africa delimited as the ‘conventional basin of the Congo’. A side event was the recognition given to King Leopold’s fledgling Congo Free State that had somewhat mysteriously emerged out of the scientific and philanthropic activities of the Association internationale du Congo . 5
If for lawyers and historians the facts of the Conference are taken as a common starting point, this has not prevented widely divergent interpretations of its significance from emerging. On one side, one may find an array of international lawyers, from John Westlake 6 in the 19th century to Tony Anghie 7 in the 21 st century, affirming the importance of the Conference and its General Act for having created a legal and political framework for the subsequent partition of Africa. 8 For Anghie, Berlin ‘transformed Africa into a conceptual terra nullius ’, silencing native resistance through the subordination of their claims to sovereignty, and providing, in the process, an effective ideology of colonial rule. It was a conference, he argues, ‘which determined in important ways the future of the continent and which continues to have a profound influence on the politics of contemporary Africa’. 9
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-<span>making it almost impossible for them to vote
-segregating blacks from whites in most states
Jim Crow laws sought to scale back the rights and equality that African Americans were receiving in the Reconstruction Era following the Civil War. To this end, Jim Crow states in the South made it virtually impossible for blacks to vote, and often tampered with black votes.
They also made segregation a formal written law in the Southern states, outlawing the shared use of almost all facilities, public or private, by black and white people.
Jim Crow could not, however, repeal the 14th Amendment and did the opposite of desegregating public facilities. </span>
One of the major goals shared by both the populists and the progressives was the advancement of economic and social opportunity for the masses, such as the poor.
Russia was not influenced
An illuminated manuscript<span> is a </span>manuscript<span> in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as </span>initials, borders (marginalia<span>) and </span>miniature illustrations<span>.
</span> It is made from animal skin, most usually the skin of a sheep or cow. Goatskin was used too <span> and also deer or pigskin .
</span><span> Illuminated Manuscripts were used by priests and monks for ritual purposes.</span>
I know all three of these questions but I cannot figure out the last question. But I hope this helps.
