The battle of Poitiers---better known as the battle of Tours 732 CE. The franks obviously prepared to resist the muslims so their victory indicates they viewed muslim expansion into europe as a threat.
<span>Stained-glass windows helped teach a mainly illiterate populace.
The upper class did not participate in the performing arts.
</span><span>Some literature of the period includes Beowulf and tales of Robin Hood.</span>
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