The math suggests that for every parsec the rate of moving away is 71 km/s, so when two galaxies are separated by two parsecs we come to 142 km/s speed of moving away from each other. If we take the first light ever (from what is known so far) the cosmic microwave radiation, is 46 billion light-years away from us at all directions, which comes at 4,200 megaparsecs, which comes at 13.7 billion light-years, so it will come to 29,820,000 km/s. It all depends from the distance between the galaxies which is calculated by their type of colour and movement in comparison to other galaxies.
Dark Matter only: detected through its gravitational attraction, has mass, most common form of mass in the halo of the Milky Way Galaxy, likely to consist of subatomic particles
Dark Energy only: inferred to exist from the measured acceleration of the universe's expansion, the proposed source of a universal repulsive force
BOTH: the universe contains more of this than it contains matter made from atoms, we do not know what it is made of
NEITHER: blocks light from stars behind it, "dark" because it emits only infrared light
The O stars is the most luminous, then B, then A, F, G, K, and M stars are the least luminous_____ there must be a relationship between mass and luminosity.
i. Using fossil evidences
ii. Similar rock lithologies at the edges of continent
iii. Climate clues
iv. Fitting of the continents into a puzzle
v. Sea floor spreading
Explanation:
Pangea was a super-continent on the earth which formed about 330 million years ago during the Paleozoic and began breaking up during the early Mesozoic, about 175 million years ago.
Most of the present day continents formed as a result of the separation of the Pangea in the early Mesozoic.
The first scientist to propose the existence of this super-continent was Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested the continental drift hypothesis to explain the separation of the land masses.
Today, the theory has been revised to the theory of plate tectonics which provides a better mechanism to understand the drifting of the continents.
Here are some of the evidences to support the existence of Pangea;
- Using fossil evidences: Mesosaurus, a reptile animal that lived during the Permian, was found in both South America and Southern Africa. Since this animal could not swim nor fly, only a jointed landmass could have made them present in both continents.
- Similar rock lithologies at the edges of continents: rock formations at the Western edge of Africa and South - Eastern part of Brazil matches with one another and have been believed to be once joined together.
- Climatic clues such as glacial tills that are confined to temperate and polar regions have been found in tropical regions.
- Wegener fitted the present day continent into a giant supercontinent and this provided a visual support for his claim.
- Evidences from sea floor spreading revealing magnetic reversals at divergent margins suggests the prevalence of plate tectonics i.e moving plates on earth.
This among many other evidences underscores the existence of a supercontinent called Pangea.
