The method that was used and developed only after Darwin's time and is today a widely used method is the method of DNA comparison. At the time of Darwin, people didn't know about DNA or how it was structured, this was changed in the 20th century with the discovery of the double helix.
The progressives seek to eliminate government corruption because the government officials were concerned that it was hurting the tax system. Their major goal was to correct abuses of the big business. The effect of this was that, government regulation of business increased during the progressive era.
Important progress was made, such as full development of the decimal place-value system to include decimal fractions, the first systematized study of algebra, and advances in geometry and trigonometry. Arabic works played an important role in the transmission of mathematics to Europe during the 10th to 12th centuries.
Sure hope this helps you :)