The answer is 'by not fulfilling expectations'. The other options don't really surprise the reader, and if the plot is going into one direction, and then what you'd expect to happen doesn't actually happen, you are surprised, and the element of irony is achieved.
The writers who most likely influenced our Founding Fathers are Locke and Voltaire, as well as Spinoza and Rousseau.
These writers were very political in nature, and their ideas about a free country resonated with the Founding Fathers when they wanted to establish a liberated America based on the principles of democracy and natural freedoms, as well as basic and more advanced human rights.
I have woked with fraction A LOT, so I'm sure you rename the 7 7/1
