Before the act of emancipation was approved in July 1776, the Thirteen Colonies and the Kingdom of Great Britain had been at war for more than a year. Relations between the two had deteriorated since 1763. The British Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase taxes in the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Act of 1767. The Legislative Body considered that these regulations were a legitimate means for the colonies to pay a fair share for the costs of keeping them in the British Empire.
However, many settlers had developed a different concept of the empire. The colonies were not directly represented in the Parliament and the settlers argued that this legislative body had no right to assign taxes. This fiscal dispute was part of a greater divergence between the British and American interpretations of the Constitution of Great Britain and the scope of Parliament's authority in the colonies. The orthodox view of the British - dating back to the Glorious Revolution of 1688 - argued that Parliament had supreme authority throughout the empire and, by extension, everything that Parliament did was constitutional. However, in the colonies the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that the government could not violate, not even Parliament. After the laws of Townshend, some essayists even began to question whether the Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies. Anticipating the creation of the Commonwealth of Nations, in 1774 the American literati - among them Samuel Adams, James Wilson and Thomas Jefferson - discussed whether the authority of Parliament was limited only to Great Britain and that the colonies -which had their own legislatures- they should relate to the rest of the empire solely because of their loyalty to the Crown.
Answer:
Money was taken out from the economy to support the people who were jobless, and therefore if people could not do jobs and pay tax, nothing was actually going back to the economy. Affecting the economy greatly
Through the many wars and peace congresses of the 18th century, European diplomacy strove to maintain a balance between five great powers: Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. At the century’s end, however, the French Revolution, France’s efforts to export it, and the attempts of Napoleon I to conquer Europe first unbalanced and then overthrew the continent’s state system. After Napoleon’s defeat, the Congress of Vienna was convened in 1814–15 to set new boundaries, re-create the balance of power, and guard against future French hegemony. It also dealt with international problems internationally, taking up issues such as rivers, the slave trade, and the rules of diplomacy. The Final Act of Vienna of 1815, as amended at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1818, established four classes of heads of diplomatic missions—precedence within each class being determined by the date of presentation of credentials—and a system for signing treaties in French alphabetical order by country name. Thus ended the battles over precedence. Unwritten rules also were established. At Vienna, for example, a distinction was made between great powers and “powers with limited interests.” Only great powers exchanged ambassadors. Until 1893 the United States had no ambassadors; like those of other lesser states, its envoys were only ministers.
