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Salsk061 [2.6K]
2 years ago
7

What happend in china and japan middle ages

History
1 answer:
HACTEHA [7]2 years ago
6 0

Answer: Many Natrual disasters had taken place. Droughts floods bad crops causing war between the two countries destroying regions

Explanation:

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Establishment of a … and service personnel utilisation and logistics support effi- ' ciency
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Explain the administrative system of Maratha Kingdom under Shivaji rule
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Answer:

Explanation:

1. He employed members of all castes and tribes to maintain balance among them.

2. He assigned separate responsibilities to the ministers and each of them was made responsible for his work to him.

3. He made no office hereditary.

4. In general he did not assign jaguars to his civil and military officers.

5. He gave special attention towards the administration of the forts.

6. In matters of administration, he gave superior position to his civil officers as compared to military officers.

7. He established Rightward system in revenue administration. The state kept direct contact with the farmers.

Shivaji took special care to make his administrative system responsive to the needs of the people. In the words of Dr. Warmish Prada, “The institutions which he established were an improvement upon the existing order and were well adapted to the well-being of his subjects.”

Central Administration:

He had a council of ministers (Ashe Adhara) to advise him on the matters of the state but he was not bound by it. He could appoint or dismiss them. This appointment was subject to their efficiency. The Peshwa was the first among ministers. The word Peshwa stands for leader or senior one.

Shivaji’s Asht Pradhan (Council of Eight Ministers):

The chief of the village was called Deshpande or Patel. The head used to run the affairs of the village with the help of the Village Panchayat.

Like the centre, there was a committee or council of eight ministers with Sar-i- ‘Karkun’ or the ‘prantpati’ (Head of the province)

Fiscal system or Revenue system:

Important features were:

(1) Land in every village was measured and the produce was roughly assessed.

(2) On the basis of assessment, the cultivators were asked to pay 40 per cent of their produce as land revenue.

(3) The Ryotwari system was introduced in which the revenue was directly collected from the farmers.

(4) Wherever possible, Shivaji abolished the jagirdari system.

(5) The farmers had the option to pay land revenue in cash or kind.

(6) The peasants could pay the revenue in installments.

(7) The accounts of the revenue officers began to be thoroughly checked.

(8) In the event of famine of natural calamity, the state offered loans to the peasants.

(9) Shivaji introduced the collection of two taxes called the Chauth and ‘Sardeshmukhi’.

Judicial administration:

Judicial administrative system was rather simple, crude and primitive. The highest court was ‘Hazar Majils’ or the court of the king. The day-to-day administration was carried on by the village Panchayats and the village ‘Patel’ decided criminal cases.

Shivaji’s army administration:

Shivaji’s army organisation was very efficient. His army was very patriotic, well trained, efficient and extremely mobile.

Shivaji introduced the following reforms in the army:

1. Regular army:

He maintained a regular army. In the traditional military organisation, the soldiers served army for six months and thereafter, they worked in their fields. Now the soldiers were to serve around the year.

2. Cash payment:

He paid the soldiers in cash.

3. Patriotism:

He inspired the soldiers with patriotism.

4. Merit:

He recruited the soldiers on merit.

5. Branding of horses:

He introduced the system of branding the horses and keeping the identification of the soldiers.

6. Discipline:

He enforced strict discipline.

7. Guerilla warfare:

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3 years ago
Can u help help me me eeeeeeee
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Is that it or there's more

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Which statement best describes the role of science in nineteenth-century European life?
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<u>Answer</u>:

(C) Science had a great impact on European life as industrial technology and rationalism encouraged its development.

This statement best describes the role of science in nineteenth-century European life.

<u>Explanation</u>:

The history of Europe demonstrates the beginning of the science during the 19th century, as many contributions started developing in all the fields. The appearance of science as a real occupation during that period was related to several reasons and most importantly the growth of the technology and rationalism. Those two helped to support knowledge and scientific discovery regardless of religious beliefs.  

For example, Europe witnessed the birth of arts and cultures, the invention of the telephone, as well as a huge interest in physics and electricity such as the discovery of the dynamo and electromagnetic field. All these great inventions and many more, made the 19th century, with no doubt, the most interesting and motivational period in the European history, and the beginning of important discoveries that we still praise today.

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In 1879, Connecticut passed a law that banned the use of any drug, medical device, or other instrument in furthering contracepti
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under the Fourteenth Amendment before the Supreme Court.

Explanation:

C. Lee Buxton and Estelle Griswold planned to use the clinic to challenge the constitutionality of the statute "under the Fourteenth Amendment before the Supreme Court."

This is evident in the fact that the Fourteenth Amendment state that "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

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