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The breakup of the English Church was decided by king Henry VIII, who had been a fervent and faithful Catholic ruler, receiving the title of "Faith Defender" from the pope for his repudiation of Protestantism. But upset because his wife had not given him a male heir, he asked pope Clement VII to grant him a divorce from his first queen, Catherine of Aragon, and marry his lover Ann Boleyn. The pope refused to grant the English king his wish.
Persuaded by two close Protestant advisors, Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cronwell, Henry VIII stopped recognizing the supremacy of Rome over the national church in 1533. Cranmer, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, granted him the divorce. The Supremacy Act of 1534 passed by Parliament made the king the Supreme Head of the Church.
So, English Reformation started because of political reasons, because of the convenience of the breakup with Rome for the king´s personal and political interests. In the German states, rulers adopted the ideas of Martin Luther that quickly spread after 1517. There were also political reasons for this; it supported the independence of German rulers from the centralizing aspirations of the Holy Roman Empire and its sovereign.
Mary I Tudor, nicknamed "Bloody Mary" by the people, was Henry VIII´s first daughter. His mother Catherine of Aragon educated her in the Catholic faith. Mary I became the queen of England in 1553. She was a religious fanatic. She persecuted Protestants; at least some 300 people were burned as heretics in her rule. Her persecution of Protestants won her the nickname of "Bloody Mary."
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End of the trail heliocentric theory
