There we horrible and lots of chaos
The answer in this question is Southern and central China. In the year nineteenth century in China and East Asia it was mainly in Southern and central China. On the graphic that is included in the question the British sphere of influence in the 19th century in East Asia and China was mainly in southern and central China.
When Thomas Paine wrote about reconcillation, he is referring to the colonies staying peacefully connected with Great Britain. This is in his writing or book, "Common Sense".
The answer or the missing phrase in your sentence is the second statement or choice.
The cotton gin was a machine for separating cotton from its seeds.
Basic rights such as freedom of religion and speech and protection from cruel and or unusual punishment, among others.