The term Caliph means B. a Muslim ruler in the Islamic Empire
Gorbachev attempted to restructure the political and economic system of the Communist Party. He called the reconstruction of the economy "Perestroika" and "Glasnost" was the reference of attempts to make the government more open.
An example of Perestroika would be ending of the price controls.
An example of Glasnost would be allowing contested elections to take place and allowing open public discussions.
Answer:
The Bolivian war of independence gained independence from Spain.
America gained independence from Britain
Brazil gained independence from United Kingdom of Portugal.
Argentina gained independence from Spain.
Gran colombia gained independence from Spain.
im really not sure how to help but those are some of the countries listed and where they gained independence from
Establishing a national bank.
