The early goal of Portugal during the Age of Exploration was to look for a naval route going to India. The land routes were blocked by the Ottoman Empire which hindered the trade in the Far East. India was then considered the Portuguese state and it was founded six years after the Portuguese explorers found the route to India.
William Penn believed deeply in religious freedom and tolerance. He wanted the people of Pennsylvania to live together in harmony and if disputes did arise, that they would compromise like a healthy colony.
Answer is battle of Marathon
The rule of law means that no one can be above the law, before him all are equal.
Without this right, people can influence the laws, they can change them.