I would say perspective, point of view, and setting
Answer:
A. Knowing that the attack might reach us in all too short a time, we
immediately began greatly to increase our industrial strength and
our capacity to meet the demands of modern warfare.
Explanation:
The attack is coming quickly so the logical thing to do is to prepare. The other examples are motivational or pathological statements while the first one (A) uses a clear and methodical string of thought to find a solution for the coming attack.
(If a picture type thing helps you: attack coming soon---what do we do?---begin to prepare for the attack immediately.)
George Washington was the first ever president of the USA
Answer:
i dont think so but maybe use a semi colon after the word desks to show how the two clauses are connected and make it sound less like a run-on sentence