Explanation:
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, ATP is produced by due to the proton gradient created across the mitochondrial membrane. The essential components required for chemiosmosis are proton pump, proton gradient and ATP synthase. ATP synthase is an enzyme which helps in ATP synthesis. The enzyme ATP synthase has two part
F0 andF1.F0 is the part which transports protons across the membrane as a transmembrane channel while configuration changes in F1
activates the enzyme. They phosphorylate ADP i.e., add one more phosphorus group to the ADP and converts ADP(adenosine diphosphate) to ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The proton gradient developed across the membrane is the driving force of ATP synthase.
Answer:
Pioneer species are hardy species which are the first to colonize previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems. Some lichens grow on rocks without soil, so may be among the first form of life. The example includes bacteria, fungi, and lichens.
Lake is a region filled with water (could be fresh or salt water) that surrounded by Land. (humans on average couldn't cross a lake without vehicle)
Ponds is actually simlar with lands but have considerably smaller size (could be crossed without vehicle_
Stream of pools is a stretch from river area that had noticeable water movement and above average depth.
Short answer - to breathe.
Long answer - the black streaks on the trunk of birch trees are called lenticels, and their function is to enable the exchange of gases between the tree and the air. So, in a way, this makes the whole process of photosynthesis a lot easier for birch trees.
the answer is true, hope this helps :)
