The USA Patriot Act gave law enforcement the power to intercept
communications without obtaining a warrant and showing probable cause that a
person has committed a crime.
The Patriot Act lowered the probable cause threshold for
obtaining information from citizens as it allows the government to spy on its
citizens
France, Germany, and Sweden(?) I am not sure if Sweden was. Either that or it was the Netherlands.
Sumerian it has been around since 3300 BC
To limit the growth of crops so that people would pay more for food.