“The lethal war with Kalinga transformed the vengeful Emperor Ashoka into a stable and peaceful emperor, and he became a patron of Buddhism. ... Nevertheless, his patronage led to the expansion of Buddhism in the Mauryan empire and other kingdoms during his rule, and worldwide from about 250 BCE.”
2. Civil Service is the correct answer
This depends greatly on the time period in question, since for a long time it was Irish immigrants who were coming to the United States in great numbers, but yes, mostly it was German immigrants.
The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg
protestant movements succeeded a great deal because of the invention of the printing press which enabled people to access the bible and theological materials and compare them with the status quo of the catholic church. The catholic church had long abused the ignorance of the laymen in access in the bible to come up with dogmas and canon laws that are un-Biblical. Some of the catholic liturgical traditions are yet to be repealed.