Peripheral membrane proteins are membrane proteins that attach only temporarily to a biological membrane with which they are associated with, their function includes penetration to the peripheral areas of an lipid bilayer.
Answer:
a.) ventilation, circulation, cellular respiration
Explanation:
a.) ventilation, circulation, cellular respiration
b.) diffusion in tissues, cellular respiration, diffusion at respiratory surface
c.) ventilation, diffusion in tissues, circulation
d.) circulation, cellular respiration, diffusion in tissues
e.) circulation, ventilation, cellular respiration
Ventilation occurs in the lungs and is the process by which carbon dioxide in the capillaries is lost to the environment while oxygen is taken in. Circulation is the process by which this dissolved oxygen is taken by the blood to tissues around the body. When this oxygen is taken to tissue, the concentration gradient allows the oxygen to be taken up by tissue. This oxygen is used as an electron acceptor (when it reduced to water) in the mitochondria during electron transport chain of cellular respiration.
RNA nucleotides form complimentary base pairs with DNA bases. Hydrogen and sugar-phosphate bonds form and the mRNA is synthesized.
Explanation:
The process of mRNA formed by DNA is called transcription. The genes coding for the protein is present on DNA as a nitrogenous base or nucleotides.
Transcription takes place inside the nucleus with the assistance of major enzyme RNA polymerase. In transcription 5'to3' single strand of RNA is synthesized which is complementary to the 3'to5' strand of DNA. The sequence of DNA has promoter sites which will be recognized and DNA will unzip to form transcription bubble. Several transcription factors and enzyme will be required to synthesize mRNA.
This mRNA after some modification would become primary transcript and pass on to the cytoplasm where protein synthesis will take place.
The discussion of irf4 transcription-factor-dependent cd103 cd11b dendritic cells drive mucosal t helper 17 cell differentiation is given in the below paragraph-
The predominant migratory DC population in the small intestinal lamina propria (SI-LP) is composed of CD103(+)CD11b(+) dendritic cells (DCs), although it is yet unknown what these cells do in vivo. Here, we show that intestine CD103(+)CD11b(+) DC survival required IRF4 to function (IRF4). Mice with a DC loss in Irf4 showed decreased numbers of helper T 17 (Th17) cells that secrete IL-17 in the gastrointestinal tract and failed to support Th17 cell development in draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) after immunization. Both CD103(+)CD11b(+) MLN DCs and DC-derived IL-6 were selectively decreased in the latter. Immunized Il6(-/-) mice were unable to sustain Th17 cell development in MLN in vivo, although CD103(+)CD11b(+) MLN DCs were able to do so in vitro.
Findings collectively point to a critical function for IRF4-dependent, IL-6-producing CD103(+)CD11b(+) DCs in intestinal Th17 cell development.
<h3>What is
cell differentiation?</h3>
The transformation of a stem cell from one type to a differentiated one is known as cellular differentiation. Usually, the cell transforms into a more focused kind. Multiple instances of differentiation take place while a multicellular creature develops from a straightforward zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.
As adult stem cells divide and produce completely differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and normal cell turnover, differentiation continues throughout maturity. In response to antigen exposure, some differentiation takes place. Size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and signal responsiveness of a cell all undergo significant changes during differentiation.
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