As different species evolved, it can be seen that those pressures influenced how their cutaneous senses developed through the changes and sensory adaptation. In different climates and situations, one would need to adapt in order to survive. Ex. Someone who works in construction or gardening would develop callouses from the pressure of the tools they use.
Unless extraterrestrial humans enter Earth or people leave to inhabit another planet, net global immigration and emigration are both zero. Thus, to reduce the rate of global population change, the number of births must be reduced or the number of deaths must be increased.
Answer:
a.)
Operant conditioning -
It is a type of learning in which a person learns from consequences ( which may be positive or negative ) that follows person's behavior.
The procedures which encourage the person to do the things the same way he/ she used to do are called reinforcement,
The procedures which discourage the person to do the things the same way he/ she used to do are called punishment.
b.)
Strategies Jim and Kelly could use to encourage or discourage Ryan's behaviors :
Positive Reinforcement -
If Ryan eats without dropping off his food from the plate , it will be encouraging for him if Jim and Kelly appreciate him or buy gifts for him.
Negative Reinforcement -
If Ryan eats without dropping off his food from the plate , it will be encouraging for him if Jim and Kelly should avoid that behavior due to which Ryan is not learning the table manners.
For example - The scolding of Jim or Kelly when Ryan's is dropping off the food on the floor.
Positive Punishments -
If Ryan eats with dropping off his food from the plate , it will be encouraging for him if Jim and Kelly will add some consequences which Ryan will hate.
For example - If Ryan is eating with dropping off the food and Jim or Kelly yells at Ryan for his bad behavior.
Negative Punishments -
If Ryan eats with dropping off his food from the plate , it will be discouraging for him if Jim and Kelly removing any good thing in which Ryan is comfortable.
For example - Ryan's watching TV time reduced or taken away his toys.
Children will associate there unacceptable behaviour with getting spanked, and the purpose is to dissuade them from partaking in that behaviour in the future.
