Extinction may occur naturally as a result of a calamity, ongoing environmental stress, or ecological interactions like competition, sickness, or predation.

This occurs when a species' population gradually but steadily decreases at the conclusion of its time of development on Earth. Many North American mammals went extinct during the end of the last ice age, 10,000 years ago, including mammoths, mastodons, and glyptodonts. In addition to climatic change, overhunting by humans was another contributing cause, according to paleontologists' evidence. The phrase "extinction" refers to the end of a particular type of organism or a set of types, typically a species. Although the ability to reproduce and bounce back may have been lost earlier, the death of the last member of the species is typically considered to be the moment of extinction. Determining this point is challenging because a species' potential range may be quite wide, and is typically done after the fact. Due to this problem, there are phenomena like Lazarus taxa, in which a species that was thought to be extinct suddenly "reappears" after a period of apparent absence (usually in the fossil record).Estimates place the number of extinct species at over five billion, or more than 99% of all species that have ever existed on Earth. There are now about 8.7 million species of eukaryotes in the world, and if bacteria and other microbes are included, there may be many times more. Non-avian dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, dodos, mammoths, ground sloths, thylacines, trilobites, and golden toads are a few notable extinct animal species.

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