Absolute monarchs were rulers with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs. During the Age of Absolutism, powerful new dynasties emerged such as the Hapsburgs in Spain and the Bourbons in France. Furthermore, both these families highly believed in the idea of divine right where their authority to rule came directly from God.
So, divine right is the idea where a monarch's ruling power or authority comes from God.
The First Party System of the United States featured the "Federalist Party" and the "Antifederalist Party" which became known as the "Democratic Republican Party".
Teddy Roosevelt had a change in heart about running for president again and chose to do so in 1912. In the process, he lost to Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt had to form a separate party in the name of Progressive party for fighting for the post of the President of the United States of America. Roosevelt failed to gain the nomination from the Republican party.
... in response to new directions by other persons in leadership in China that Mao thought focused too much on technical expertise and not on ideological purity.
Mao Zedong began the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (its official name) in 1966. A big part of the program was the closing of China's schools, because Mao saw the majority of educators as bourgeois types who were failing to support the communist revolution. The Cultural Revolution was an insistence on loyalty to communist party ideology.
The Red Guard was formed, which was made up of high school and college students (no longer attending school, since schools were shut down). These radicalized students became militants for Mao over against those whom he considered not revolutionary enough. The Red Guard destroyed historical artifacts and writings of the of China's former culture. They also attacked persons who were seen to be resisting Chairman Mao's permanent revolution.
