22. C
23. C
24. A
25. B
26. D
27. C
28. C
The number of consumers increases
Answer:
D Flow of protons across an electrochemical gradient
Explanation:
The chloroplast adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase uses the electrochemical proton gradient generated by photosynthesis to produce ATP, the energy currency of all cells. Protons conducted through the membrane-embedded Fo motor drive ATP synthesis in the F1 head by rotary catalysis.
In chloroplasts, photosynthetic electron transport generates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane which then drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
The light-induced electron transfer in photosynthesis drives protons into the thylakoid lumen. The excess protons flow out of the lumen through ATP synthase to generate ATP in the stroma.
Majority of ATP is produced by OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION. The generation of ATP by oxidation phosphorylation differs from the way ATP is produced during glycolysis.
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.
When an environment is hypotonic, the cell has more solute so solvent move from outside the cell to inside causing the cell to swell.
WHAT IS TONICITY?
- Tonicity is the ability of a solution to induce water loss or water gain in a cell. A solution can either be; hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic
- A hypertonic solution has more concentration of solute than its surroundings while a hypotonic solution has less concentration of solute compared to it's surroundings.
- If a hypotonic solution has less solute, this means that it will have more solvent (water). Based on the principle of osmosis, water moves from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration.
Hence, water will move into a cell that is located in a hypotonic environment, causing it to swell.
Learn more: brainly.com/question/13802181?referrer=searchResults
Answer:
by inhibiting the mitotic spindle plasticity
Explanation:
In eukaryotic cells, the mitotic spindle is the cytoskeletal structure by which sister chromatids are separated during cell division. Spindle microtubules are known to drive chromosome segregation, while tubulins are Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs) that attach to microtubules in order to modulate their dynamics. Antimitotic drugs are nowadays widely used in chemotherapy to disrupt microtubule assembly and chromosome segregation, thereby producing mitotic arrest and cell death (apoptosis).
