It dried up.
North Africa used to be a fertile grassland, even swampy in some spots, 12,000 years ago. By 1000 BC (actually quite a while before) it had dried up into what is the the largest desert i the world: the Sahara.
You didn't list options, but essentially Adam Smith called the discovery of America one of the most important events in history because it led to increased trade and interchange between nations and continents, which brought about economic benefit for those involved.
In his famous book, <em>The Wealth of Nations, </em>Adam Smith said that "The discovery of America, and that of the passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, are the two greatest events recorded in the history of mankind." Both of these events facilitated and encouraged an increase of trade, which led to increased wealth and prosperity.
Historical context:
The basic principles of capitalism were laid out by Scottish philosopher Adam Smith in his influential book published in 1776: <em>An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.</em> The Nobel-prize winning 20th century economist Milton Friedman said of Adam Smith, "“The key insight of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations is misleadingly simple: If an exchange between two parties is voluntary, it will not take place unless both believe they will benefit from it." Smith argued for such voluntary exchanges within a free market system. He labeled the government-manipulated economic system that was prevailing in his day as "mercantilism," a system in which governments specifically authorized some merchants as the official agents of commerce (rather than endorsing free enterprise). The mercantilist system also viewed wealth as though there were a fixed amount of it available in the world, represented by precious metals such as gold and silver, and that nations were in competition over who got more of that fixed amount of world wealth. Smith saw that wealth was something that could be created and increased through voluntary exchange and free trade. Smith's ideas formed the basis for what we have come to know as capitalism. For Smith, the expansion of trade that occurred because of the discovery of the Americas and the discovery of sea routes to Asia were ways that wealth could be exchanged and increased more readily.
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During the rise and peak of Islam, a very structured and organized law system was established based according to the Quran and religion which had been highly depended upon. Due to this, many people did not commit crimes, steal, or lie, knowing that their Lord may punish them. Therefore, this all comes down to establish the very core of the matter: the caliph set laws and punishments which were all agreed upon by scholars, community elders, and respected Muslims.
The caliphs of that age had a system which they called Hokm Islami. This translates to Islamic rule without force. Later, the Ottomans established the forced rule for all, based on certain groups and religion types.
Abu Bakr set many limits on himself as other Caliphs had done. This included equality of wealth for all. There had been a treasury which they called "Bait Ul-Mal" , which the Caliph was not allowed to take money from, unless it was to help the community or poor folks. The Caliph also limited himself to water and basic food to live. He lived in a humble home as other men did.
Aside from money, the Caliph Abu Bakr also made sure that he did not order anything unless it was backed by the Quran, and agreed upon.
I hope this helped. If not, please comment below and I'd certainly be glad to elaborate and add to this description. Thanks! :)
