I believe that the most likely answer is (D).
But, I can't shake that (E) is a possible answer.
Narrowed it down at the very least.
One of the causes was when Iraq attacked iran
The People
Northeasterners and Midwesterners had a flair for life that was contagious and less culturally inclined than people in the rural areas. Apart from that cities were more cheaper to stay in than the rural areas because of the convenience that the city offered which was not in the rural areas.
To show put fear into the people so that no one would want to commit a crime but originally created as a more humane way of punishment
