Answer:
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Explanation:
Answer:
Islam as a religion began with the message which was spread by Islam’s Prophet and God’s Messenger Muhammad ibn Abdallah in the Arabian Peninsula in 610 CE and which was contained in the Qur’an, God’s revelation to Muhammad. After Muhammad’s death in 632, his followers, the Muslims, embarked on successive waves of conquest of the Middle East and beyond; within less than a century, they had political and military control of virtually all the lands between India and Spain. The exercise of this control came from a state that was called the caliphate, its ruler being viewed as the caliph, or “successor,” to the Prophet Muhammad. In the first few decades, the state, based in Arabia, was simple and its ruler elected on the basis of merit. However, following the expansion, it soon turned into a complex, multi-national empire ruled by dynasties based in Syria first (the Umayyads, 661-750 CE) and then in Iraq (the Abbasids, 750-1258 CE). The caliphal system became weakened in the later ninth century, and by the tenth century, real power had moved to several local dynasties although the caliph remained the nominal head of the empire. The Abbasid empire and most of the local dynasties were overrun and practically destroyed by the Mongol invasion of the Middle East in 1258. That invasion ended not only the early phase of Islamic history, but also the “Golden Age” of Islamic civilization, which had been developing slowly from the beginning of this period. The “Golden Age” refers to the period when the varied contributions of Islamic civilization reached their peak in both the indigenous Islamic disciplines (such as Islamic law) and the newly imported disciplines of late antiquity (such as philosophy).
Explanation:
hope that helps
The Dust Bowl, which happened during the 1930´s originated in the South and its devastation and effects moved on to affect not just the Southern Plains but also the Great Plains. The absence of rainfall, the intense movement of strong winds and continuous dust were part of the factors that affected everything in life, from the economy of families to their welfare and even comfort, to their health. It was a time of great drought, which coupled with the Depression of the 1930s, increased the poverty levels, especially in rural areas. In response to the need for food and income to be generated, many farmers decided to replace the natural grasses that grew in the plains for winter wheat and this action, coupled with the lack of rainfall, led to a furthering of the drought problem and also to land erosion. In the end, it was very difficult, if not almost impossible, to grow any crops and the lands turned to dust. This is why the correct response is C: Replacing natural grasses to plant winter wheat led to topsoil erosion.
