Ottoman Empire represents on of the largest imperial projects in the history of humans, ruling vast territories in North Africa, the Balkans, and the middle east over a period of some five centuries. It was created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia that became one of the most powerful states in the world during 15th and 16th centuries. The central fact that allowed Suleiman to peruse urban renewal projects was the fact that his revenues from the state were higher than those of other European monarchs.
An exclave is a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (of one or more states). Many exclaves are also enclaves. Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state.
The "great act" referred to by Senator Sumner in this excerpt is "The addition of Hiram Rhodes Revels to the U.S. Senate."
What Senator Charles Sumter said in 1870 was the following: "All men are created equal, says the great Declaration and now a great act attests this verity. Today we make the Declaration a reality. ... The Declaration was only half established by Independence. The greatest duty remained behind. In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work."
Hiram Revels became the first African American to enter the Senate of the United States Congress when the Republicans supported him on February 25, 1870.